Isaac Newton

Hey It's Ion_Turtle and I am talking about Sir Isaac Newton! He had a very...   interesting life. He did a lot of stuff for science and math.



He was born on Christmas! Or January 4th depending on which calendar you use (England used two at the time). He was born premature and was expected to die. His dad died a couple months before he was born and his mother married some 60 year old when he was three. After his mom remarried he was raised by his grandparents. He went to Cambridge, but his mom wanted him to be a farmer. His teacher convinced her to let him continue in school. Then after he got his Bachelors Degree the Black Plague hit so he moved home. That is a lot of setbacks.

Cambridge

After he came home he did a lot. This was called his "Miracle Year". He discovered that light is not white. Now I know you already know that, but this was revolutionary at the time. He discovered that light is actually made of colors (RoyGBiv). He did this by focusing a beam of light into a prism.

Isaac Newton made that album cover!


He also discovered gravity! Before Isaac Newton discover gravity we could all fly! (Not true. Its a joke) He got hit on the head by an apple and discovered that everything in the universe has gravity.

 

 

Now I am going to make you hate him. He made something that makes high school students everywhere loose hours of sleep and basically go insane. He created...        Calculus!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Why would he make calculus. Seriously look at the picture. What is that. Why does it have to be so complicated. Anyway he also made the laws of motion. There are three of them. The first says an object at rest tends to stay at rest unless a force is applied to it and an object in motion tends to stay in motion going the same speed and direction until a force is acted upon it. The second says that force pushes stuff and the more mass that the stuff has the more force needs to be used. The third says for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that is you and your friend are standing on skateboards and you push each other then you will move away from each other.




He also made the reflecting telescope (Wow he did a lot. I am no where near done) This used mirrors to make the image smaller instead on lenses. This made the image much clearer.

Now enough with the inventions. But I'm not done. He also received many awards. He was knighted by Queen Anne for his work with the mint.He worked really hard to stop counterfeiters. He also became the president of the Royal Society. He was reelected until his death. He was also buried at Westminster Abbey which is a great honor.

 Fun fact: Newton was very religious!

Finally. I'm done. This is probably my longest post. Anyway thanks for reading. Leave a comment below.


Links:
Sir Isaac Newton
Cambridge
Dark Side of the Moon cover pic
Newton Gravity meme
Calculus pic
Skateboard pic
Reflecting telescope
Westminster Abbey pic

Heat!

      I'm back! It's Ion_Turtle again and it's time to talk about heat. No I don't mean the heat levels in need for speed.  I mean actually heat in real life. Heat is energy that is going from one object to another. It always goes from the hotter one to the colder one. This keeps you warm but more importantly keeps you alive! Heat affects almost everything in your life. It cooks your food, keeps your nice and warm in winter, and lights up the entire world! Except at night time.


Heat is transferred in three ways: conduction, radiation, and convection. Conduction is when energy is transferred between two objects (or the same object) when they touch. This can be observed when you lean a metal spoon on a hot pot. The heat from the pot will move to the spoon making it really hot. When you touch the spoon the heat will move to your hand burning you. Also only a small part of the spoon is touching the pot, but the molecules of the spoon are touching each other. Because they are touching each other the heat moves from one to the other.


The second one is radiation. Radiation is when energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves. The sun does this and so does fire. The electromagnetic waves can go through empty space. Radiation heat up the entire earth!

Convection is the last way heat transferred. In this way heat is transferred by the actual particles moving to somewhere else taking the heat with them. This creates convection currents. Because the particles have to move this only happens in liquids and gasses. This creates a circular current because the heat rises pushing the cold upper air down. Then the air that went down heats up and rises. This creates a circle. This is also how wind works.


There are also things called conductors and insulators (like in electricity). Conductors are substances that easily allow heat to pass through it. This would be like a metal spoon. Insulators don't allow heat to move through them easily. This would be like rubber. A good insulator's atoms are very disorderly placed and aren't very close. This makes it much harder for them to transfer their heat to the other atoms. While in good conductors the atoms are very orderly and tightly pachid like in metals.


The red arows are hot and the blue ones are cold. As you can see the structure keeps them seperated because it is a good insulator.

This may have made you think about your house. In your house you have heating and cooling vent. Usually the heating vents are on the floor while cooling vents are on the ceiling. This helps create the cunvection current we talked about earlier. Because of that it makes the room a much more unified temperature instead of half the room being hot and half freezing cold.

Ten facts about heat:

1. The highest temperature ever recorded in the shade was 57.8C (136F) in Libya on September 13 1922.

2. The skin of a polar bear is black, which helps it to absorb more of the heat from the sun.

3. According to Nasa, when the temperature reaches 95F our work output drops by 45 per cent.

4. “As cool as a cucumber” is an apt simile: The inside of a cucumber can be as much as 11C (20F) cooler than the outside temperature.

5. The average temperature on Mars is -63C.

6. According to ‘Dolbear’s Law', you can calculate the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit by counting the number of chirps produced in 14 seconds by the snowy tree cricket and adding 40.         

7. Until they are needed, the balls at Wimbledon are stored in refrigerated containers at 68F.

8. The flapping of the wings of 1,000 bees generates seven watts of heat.

9. The first use of the term “heatwave” for a period of hot weather was in New York in 1892.

10. The World Meteorological Organization’s definition of a heatwave is when temperatures are over 5C (9F) above average for five days in a row.

Bonus: The first use of the term “heatwave” for a period of hot weather was in New York in 1892

Links:
World spinning
Conduction gif
Sun gif
Convection gif
Conductors info.
Insulators gif

SafeFlame Torch Creates Fire From Water

Hey guys Ion_Turtle is back with some cool science news. This time I'm talking about fire being made from water. Now I know you have seen someone weld some metals together with a torch. (If you haven't here is a pic)




Doing this is very dangerous and not cheap. You may notice that he has a mask on his face. This keeps his eyes from being damaged by the really bright flame. Also the flame is caused by an unstable and expensive mixture called oxygen-acetylene. The amount you burn at one time can not be controlled so if you are welding a weak metal like Aluminum then you will have a lot of trouble. Also the tanks of oxygen-acetylene are highly unstable, expensive, and hard to store. This makes welding very expensive and hard.
 
Researchers all over europe are trying to change this. They are have developed a prototype of a SafeFlame. This SafeFlame uses water and electricity to make the flame. It does this by putting the water in a electrolyzer. This electrolyzer uses the electricity to split the oxygen from the hydrogen in the water. Then after they split they leave the nozzle and combine again making a flame. This flame is slightly cooler than the oxygen-acetylene flame, but it can be controlled, it is safer, it doesn't heat up the nossle, the flame is dimmer, it is much cheaper, and it still gets the job done. They are also working on making it more portable and maybe solar powered.



 

This is very important because it will welding much safer and cheaper. That is why I decided to wrie about it. I also predict that this meathod will be used more and more in the future.

Do you think this is a better meathod?
 

My person answer: Yes it is way better. There are just so many thing that it improves on. I don't see any negatives.



Links:
Article (SafeFlame pice from here)
Welding pic
oxygen-acetylene tanks



Potential vs Kinetic

Hello its Ion_Turtle again. I'm going to talk about Potential and Kinetic energy! This time I'm going to try to explain it with video games as much as I can.

First we have to say what energy is. Energy id the ability to make something happen. In  layman's terms, if the object or person can do something it has energy.

Potential and Kinetic energy are related to movement. Kinetic energy is the energy that a moving object has. The more speed and mass an object has the more kinetic energy it has. If a bicycle is riding down a hill next to a truck at the same speed the truck will have more kinetic energy because it has more mass. Another example is if Mario and Wario are running next to each other. Wario has more kinetic energy because he is bigger. Even if Mario runs a little faster Wario will still have a little more.


Ok. Now lets get into potential energy. Potential energy is the energy that some has when it isn't moving. It is the possibility to move. The higher something is and the more mass it has gives it more potencial energy. If you have two rocks together on a cliff and they are the same size then they will have the same potential energy. If one rock is larger then it has more potential energy. Think of Mario and Wario about to jump on a Goomba. Wario will have more potential energy and will crush the Goomba harder. If Mario gets much higher then he will have more potential energy.



Energy can be transferred or stored. It can not be created or destroyed. Also kinetic energy can be transferred from one object to another. This can be seen if you are playing a racing game like Need For Speed or something and you crash. If you crash into another car that is standing still then you will transfer your kinetic energy to it slowing you down and making it move. Also if you have a head on collision the car with more kinetic energy will move forward a little after the crash while the car with less will move back.



I hope you liked it. Leave a comment if you would like and don't forget to check out my YouTube Channel!

Links:
Mario running
Mario jumping
Car crash

Changing Matter

      Hey guys its Ion_Turtle again! Today I'm talking about matter and it changing state. Matter is everything that takes up space. It can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. Solids are hard and are well solid. Liquids are wet like water and they flow. Gasses are commonly invisible and float around in the air.

If you read my earlier posts then you know what molecules are. Well in solids, liquids, and gasses the molecules behave differently. In solids they are tightly packed and only vibrate a little. While in a liquid they flow and roll over each other. In a gas they fly around bouncing off everything.



You might be asking, "How do they change?" Well I have the answer. Matter changes states when energy is added or removed. Think of water. Have you ever put water in the freezer and when you took it out it turned to ice? That is the liquid water change to solid ice. The freezer is cold. Because it is cold it takes away the energy in the water. The water then slows down and connects together to make a hard solid block of ice. This process is called freezing.


If you take the ice and put it in your hand. Your hand will get wet. This is because your body heat adds energy to the ice molecules making them break free from the orderly solid ice. The molecules start to flow and soon you have a puddle in you hand and probably some water on the floor. This process of the ice turning to water is called melting. Freezing and melting happen at a certain temperature. They both occur at 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius for water. Other substances freeze and melt at different temperatures, but the melting point is always the same as the freezing point of the same substance. For example iron melts and freezes at 1510 degrees C (2750°F)


Now lets add in the gas. When you heat up water it starts to bubble. This happens because the molecules get so much energy that they just shoot out of the liquid and fly away. This is called boiling. You have probably boiled water and saw steam come out. That is the water in it's gaseous state. When in the gaseous state water is called water vapor. If you get a cold can of soda you may find that the outside is wet. You might think that the can is leaking but it is not. What is happening it the water vapor in the air is hitting the cold can and loosing energy turning it into a liquid. This is called condensation. This also happens in clouds.


There is also a special thing called sublimation. That is when something goes straight from a solid to a gas. One great example is dry ice. It is commonly used in special effects and during Halloween because the ice turns straight into an eerie whit fog. Deposition is the processes of making the dry ice. Deposition is when a gas turns straight into a liquid.


There is this thing called heat of fusion. It is the energy used to turn a solid into a liquid. It works by adding energy to the solid structure that makes the molecules break out of the tight orderly structure that they were in. There is also heat of vaporization. It is the energy used to turn a liquid into a gas. In the liquid state the molecules are still pretty tightly compacted, but they move around a lot more than in a solid. The heat of vaporization breaks them apart so the molecules shoot away from the liquid and fly into the air.



Thanks for reading. I hope you enjoyed the gifs. Leave any comments if you want. I'll reply to them. Don't forget to check out my YouTube channel. ==> Click Here! <==


Links:
states of matter
ice
ice melting
water boiling
can condensation
melting point of iron
dry ice gif
ice melting gif
boiling gif

Repellent Chemistry

      Hey guys Ion_Turtle again and today I will talk about some current news. Its still science related and really cool. Its called Repellent Chemistry! It is a new field of science and it is all about repelling water. This can be observed in lotus leaves.



      The lotus leaf repels water by being covered in oil. It also has bumps that push the water away. This also happens on a ducks feathers. They are covered in oil so that the water will come right off and not weigh it down when it tries to fly. It also keeps the duck warm when it is in the water.

      Oil isn't repelled well by anything at all. That is why oil spills are so dangerous. If a ducks feathers have too much oil they will quickly mat making it hard for the bird to keep warm and swim.

Scientists have created a tight wire mesh soaked in liquid retardant chemicals that could be used to prevent stains on clothing or to prevent harmful chemicals from coming in contact with the wearers skin.

A-Wire Mesh                                     C-Liquid Retardant Chemicals



      Michigan scientists have created a spray that sprays little fibers on any solid substance. The fibers don't pack together very tightly making tons of air bubbles. This repels other substances making them slide off. There is a product called neverwet. Here is a gif of it in use:

      Researchers at MIT have used this information to make a coating for class that keeps it from fogging.


      Some researchers are working on putting this technology on ships. This will help with making them go faster because ships have a lot of friction when traveling through water and this will greatly reduce that friction making it need to use a lot less power to get somewhere.

      I think this would be extremely useful. I can see tons of uses for the neverwet spray in everyday things from keeping clothes dry to keeping shoes from getting muddy. The glass coating is even more useful. It will help drivers see in the rain and even might make windshield wipers obsolete.

      I hope you enjoyed learning about repellent chemistry. Comment what you thought of the post and don't forget to check out my YouTube channel (couldn't get a link sorry but I have it on earlier post and I will have it on the next)


Links:
All pictures and Information
neverwet gif

Chemical Bonds

      Hey guys Ion_Turtle's back. Today I'm talking about chemical bonds. Chemical bonds are really cool. They make up everything around you. Here are some gifs of really cool ones.

Now to explain what happens. To understand what happens we have to revisit atome. An atom is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons (positive) and neutrons (no charge) are in a clump in the center called the nucleus. Electrons (negative) fly around the outside. They fly around in shells. each shell holds a certain amount of electrons. The first shell can hold a maximum of two. While the second can hold a maximum of eight. The electrons in the outermost shell are called valence electrons. The area where these electrons orbit isn't perfect. It is a rough sphere that is fuzzy because they move very fast. It is called the cloud.

An atom can be stable or unstable. If it is stable then it's outer shell is full. If it is unstable then it's outer shell isn't full.

A chemical bond is when two atoms combine. There are two different types of chemical bonds, covalent and ionic. A covalent bond is created when two or more atoms combine and share an electron.

An ionic bond is created when two atoms meet and one takes an electron from the other. The one that took the electron becomes negative while the other one becomes positive. If you have ever used a magnet then you know opposites attract. That means that the positive atom and the negative atom stick together. The force sticking them together is electrostatic attraction.

Thanks for reading. Please leave a comment on how well you think I did. Don't forget to check out my YouTube Channel!

Links:

Gifs

Cloud pic

Neon

Covalent Bond

The Periodic Table of elements

Hello everyone I am Ion_Turtle and I'm back! Today I'm talking about the periodic table of elements.



      The periodic table might look menacing, but its really not. Its very simple. The periodic table is a list of all the elements in the universe. It puts elements in different places based n their properties. The number of electron shells in an atom determines its properties. (I have an earlier post all about atoms) The person who made the periodic table of elements was Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. He was a Russian chemistry teacher. He also has a giant messy beard.

      If you look at the periodic table you will see a lot of squares. Each of these squares has a one or two letters in it. Those letters represent an element. If you look at the top right you will see a square with the letter "H" in it. (For an interactive table Click here! ) The "H" represents hydrogen the first element. If you look above it you will see the number one. That represents the number of protons (or electrons) in the element. Across it on the right you will see the symbol "He" (helium) with the number two above it. It has two protons. Then the next one has a three, then a four. This is because the table is made so that as you go down the rows the number of protons goes up. The average weight of each element is also on the table. It is found under the symbol.


      The table has different sections. One way of sectioning off different elements is in groups and periods. Groups are vertical columns. There are 18 of them. All the elements in a group have similar properties. This is because it shows how many electrons are in the last shell of the elements.


      As you can see this Lithium atom has one full shell with 2 electrons and another shell with just one. It is in the first group. The elements in the last group (18) have their last shell full.
      The table is also separated into periods. Periods are the horizontal rows. The period represents the number of electron shells that an element has. If you look back up at Lithium you will see that it has 2 shells. It is also in the second period or row. As you read across a period the number of electrons in the last shell increases.


The periodic table can also be separated based on the properties of the element. This is usually done with colors. The colors won't be the same on each table but the elements will be separated the same.

      All the way on the left (orange in the picture above) are the Alkali Metals. They dissolve in water. (Please note that Hydrogen is above the Alkali Metals but is not one of them) Next (yellow) is the Alkaline Earth Metals. They also dissolve in water. The biggest section (purplish) is the Transition Metals. They are strong and shiny. Followed by (bright blue) the Poor Metals. They are soft with low melting points. The Semimetals (not shown) conduct electricity only under certain conditions making them great for electronics.  Next (green) is the Nonmetals This section contains some of the elements essential to life. (Carbon and Oxygen) The Noble Gasses (Grayish blue) are next. They don't really react with anything else. The two rows that are commonly taken out and placed at the bottom are also grouped. The top row is the Lanthanoids and the row under it is the Actinoids.

Fun Fact:

Any element above 92 (uranium) is to unstable to occur in nature and has to be made in a lab.

I hope you enjoyed this blog post. Comment on anything you like or think I could have done better. Make sure to check out the cool song. Also check out my YouTube channel.

Link:
Periodic Table pic
Hydrogen symbol
Lithium atom
Mendeleev

Compounds and Mixtures

Hello everyone! Its Ion_Turtle and today I'm talking about compounds and mixtures.

Compounds and mixtures are very different. Compounds are combined chemically, but mixture are combined physically. A compound is created when two or more atoms combine. Like water. Water has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. When too atoms combine they share one or more electrons. In water the oxygen atom wants 2 more electrons and each hydrogen want another one. If you look at the atom picture below you will see that there are 2 electrons where the hydrogen meets the oxygen. Those are the shared electrons.

You can see the shared electrons



Salt is also a compound. It is made of sodium (A deadly metal) and chloride (A deadly gas), but when they are combined they make table salt. Because compounds are made by a chemical reaction it is very hard to split it.

Mixtures are very different. They are blended without any chemical change. Each substance keeps its own properties. A mixture is also very easy to separate. A salad is a mixture. This is because you take lettuce, tomatoes, and croutons and combine them. The separate ingredients stay the same when you mix them. You can also easily separate them. They can be heterogeneous or homogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures where something dissolved in a liquid. Like salt water or lemonade mix. The salt in the salt water can not be seen and it is spread evenly throughout the water. Heterogeneous mixture are like salads. They do not combine. When you look at a salad you see the individual ingredients.

 

I hope you enjoyed learning about mixtures. Comment what you thought of my blog! Check out my YouTube channel: Click here!

Links:

Water atom

Salt Water

Tasty salad



Awesome Atoms

Hello everyone I am Ion Turtle and today I am talking about a very small topic. Atoms! Atoms are tiny. Extremely tiny and they make up everything. Literally everything! They make up your shoes, your book, a bicycle, computers, and even you. Yes you are made of atoms. They are so small that it would take 7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms to make you. That’s a lot.

The name atom came from a Greek man named Democritus. He thought that eventually you would get to the point where you can’t split it anymore. He called it atoms after the Greek word atomos that means indivisible. Later another guy named John Dalton changed the definition of an atom to the smallest thing that still contains its chemical properties. That means that if you take a carbon atom and split it then it is no longer like carbon in any way.

John Dalton

            Atoms are made of even smaller things. They have an inner part called the nucleus that is made of two different parts. It has protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged and neutrons have no charge. There are particles that circle around the nucleus called electrons. They are negatively charged and balance out the positive charge of the protons. They also move near the speed of light. That’s really fast. Electrons stay in shells. Each shell has a maximum capacity of electrons. The first one can only have 2 electrons. The second has a maximum of 8. Atoms are made mostly out of empty space. So that means space is made of space.



I hope you enjoyed leaning about atoms. Leave a comment on how I can improve or about what you liked.
 Also check out my YouTube channel- Click Here!




Links:
John Dalton pic
Atom pic
Space pic
My Youtube channel!